花舞大唐春 发表于 2008-4-15 14:48

清代满洲贵族的嫁妆

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">文章节选毛立平《清代嫁妆研究》</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一、皇后妆奁</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">清代,仪式最为隆重、规模最为宏大的嫁妆当属皇帝大婚时皇后的嫁妆。皇后嫁妆的特点在于,它一方面要体现出帝王婚礼的九五至尊、无与伦比,另一方面又要体现出嫁妆本身所包含的实际功能(如婚后生活所需的实际用品等),如何将这两种特点有机地结合起来,可以说让筹备大婚的大臣们煞费苦心。清朝共有四个皇帝在紫禁城举行了大婚典礼,分别为顺治、康熙、同治、光绪。前两位皇帝大婚时皇后的妆奁没有留下特别详细的记载,后两位皇帝则留有《大婚典礼红档》(以下简称《红档》),将有关大婚典礼的全部档案文件汇编成册。这两份《红档》现皆保存在中国第一历史档案馆内,详细记录了朝廷内外筹备大婚典礼的全部过程,其中包括皇后妆奁的议定、筹办和妆奁清单,为我们研究清代皇后的嫁妆提供了宝贵而翔实的历史资料</span></p>

花舞大唐春 发表于 2008-4-15 14:49

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">皇后妆奁的筹办是一个非常繁复的过程,我们以同治帝大婚中皇后嫁妆的筹办过程为例。皇后妆奁分为“内办”与“外办”两种方式。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">那么,各筹办机构如何分工?《红档》“妆奁册”中亦有明确的记载.首先讨论“内办”的项目,包括:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如意冠四顶(均随各式镶嵌宝石帽花黄绫冠盒)、熏貂朝冠一顶(镶嵌珍珠石随黄绫冠盒)、熏貂朝冠一顶(镶嵌仿珍珠石随黄绫冠盒)、天鹅绒朝冠一顶(镶嵌珍珠石,随黄绫冠盒)、天鹅绒朝冠一顶(镶嵌仿珍珠石</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">随黄绫冠盒)、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">团凤飘带帽成分(随黄续冠盒)、团鹤飘带帽成分(随黄绫冠盒)、万福飘带帽成分(随黄绫冠盒)、万寿飘带帽成分(随黄绫冠盒)、双喜字飘带帽成分(随黄绫冠盒)、双如意飘带帽成分(随黄续冠盒)、牡丹花飘带帽成分(随黄缝冠盒)、海棠花飘带帽成分(随黄绫冠盒)、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">珊瑚朝珠二盘(随朝服用)、珊瑚朝珠成盘、翡翠朝珠成盘、碧呀瑶朝珠成盘、蜜蜡朝珠成盘、金珀朝珠成盘、沉香朝珠成盘、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">碧呀瑶带钩成件、翡翌带钩成件、白玉带钩成件、白玉带皮带钩成件、赤金累丝镶嵌珠石带钩成件、三镶宝石带钩成件、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">翡翠各式佩四件、白玉各式佩四件、碧呀瑶各式佩四件、白玉带皮各式佩四件、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">珍珠手串成盘、翡翠手串成盘、碧呀瑶手串成盘、金珀手串成盘、珊瑚手串成盘、沉香手串成盘、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">翡翠搬指二件、白玉带皮搬指二件、金珀搬指二件、蜜蜡搬指二件、沉香嵌金万福万寿搬指二件、沉香嵌金双喜双如意搬指二件、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">翡翠烟壶二件、白玉带皮烟壶二件、金珀烟壶二件、蜜蜡烟壶二件、水晶烟壶二件、巧式玛瑙烟壶二件、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金累丝镶嵌珠石带环带束四分(各随飘带手巾大小荷包四分)、金表四对、玉柄香柄镶嵌珠石小刀火镰四分、各色针黹二十分、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金累丝凤钿全分(随凤衔五挂排子成分</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大挑中挑三挑各成对</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒)、点翠凤钿全分(随凤衔五挂排子成分</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大挑中挑三挑各成对</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒)、万福满簪钿全分(随大挑中挑三挑各成对</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒)、万寿满簪钿全分(随大挑中挑三挑各成对</span><font face="Times New Roman">
                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">朱红金漆龙凤呈样钿盒)、双喜字银边钿全分(随朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒)、双如意银边钿全分(随朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒)、牡丹花寻常钿全分(随朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒)、海棠花寻常钿全分(随朱红金漆龙凤呈祥钿盒)、</span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">赤金累丝项圈成分、栓辫手巾四分(明黄二分</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">
        </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">红绿各一分)、攒珠攒珊瑚累丝蜜蜡松石褂纽十副、</span>

花舞大唐春 发表于 2008-4-15 14:49

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金累丝扁方成对、赤金洋錾扁方成对、赤金镶嵌扁方成对、翡翠扁方成对、白玉扁方成对、白玉玲珑扁方成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金累丝长簪成对、赤金洋琴长簪成对、赤金镶嵌长簪成对、翡翠长簪成对、白玉长簪成对、白玉玲珑长簪成对、万福万寿点翠长簪成对、双喜双如意点翠长簪成对、镶嵌珍珠长簪成对、镶嵌宝石长簪成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万福万寿镶嵌珠石翠花成对、双喜双如意镶嵌珠石翠花成对、榴开百子镶嵌珠石翠花成对、桃献三千镶嵌珠石翠花成对、翡翠白玉点翠珊瑚珍珠宝石各式挑簪二十对(随三挂双挂单挂搭琅)、赤金点翠镶嵌抱头莲四对、赤金点翠各式颤须十对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金錾镯成对、赤金镶嵌镯成对、赤金累丝镯成对、赤金点翠镯成对、白玉元镯成对、白玉蒲镯成对、翡翠元镯成对、翡翠蒲镯成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金洋錾钳成对、赤金累丝钳成对、翡翠钳成对、白玉钳成对、万福万寿点翠钳成对、双喜双如意点翠钳成对、镶嵌珍珠钳成对、镶嵌宝石钳成对、赤金各式小金钳八对、簪珍珠排环二对、碧呀瑶套环二对、翡翌套环二对、翡翠环二对、白玉环二对、珍珠环二对、镶嵌点翠环二对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">珍珠耳坠成对、碧呀瑶耳坠成对、宝石耳坠成对、翡翌耳坠成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金洋錾戒指成对、翡翠镶嵌戒指成对、翡翠戒指二对、白玉戒指二对、珍珠戒圈二对、攒石戒圈二对、赤金麻花戒圈成对、赤金竹节戒圈成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赤金累丝指甲套成对、赤金洋錾指甲套成对、赤金镶嵌珍珠石指甲套成对、赤金点翠指甲套成对、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">各色绣花鞋二百双、各色江绸绫袜二百双、各色针黹二百分、包头手巾二百分。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从“内办”物品的构成来看,主要为冠帽鞋袜、珠宝首饰类,这些物品应当属于内务府向有储备,或者在京城可以办齐的,无需委托外地机构筹办。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其他各项妆奁京城可采办的,“由京制造购办”,京城难以采办的项目由各织造和粤海关监督、奉锦山海关道等分别负责筹办,大致为各织造负责衣物等纺织品,粤海关监督、奉锦山海关道负责木器、皮张、钟表等,但也不完全遵照这样的分工。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二、妃嫔的妆奁</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">除皇后妆奁外,妃嫔的妆奁也由朝廷统一置办。妃嫔妆奁的种类与皇后大体相似,只是其规格要远远低于皇后,在妆奁物品的数量、织造工艺、颜色、抬送规格等各个方面无不体现着严格的等级差异。同治帝大婚红档中有皇后、贵妃、嫔的妆奁清单,我们可以通过对三者的比较来直观地展现出其间的差别。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">冠帽类。前文提到同治帝皇后嫁妆中共有冠帽</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">28</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶,其中包括朝冠</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶、其他冠</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶、帽</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶;贵妃妆奁中只有朝冠</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶,帽</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶;嫔为朝冠</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶,帽</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶。可见,妃嫔妆奁中除朝冠外无其他冠,帽的数量也依次减半。在式样和做工上,皇后朝冠分熏貂、元狐、海龙、天鹅绒等材质,又有夏天使用的“凉朝冠”,一些冠上嵌有珍珠石、仿珍珠石,而妃缤的一顶朝冠上只嵌仿珍珠石;皇后的飘带帽有团风、团鹤、万福、万寿、双喜字、双如意、牡丹花、海棠花图案,贵妃飘带帽则为丹凤、团鹤、万福万寿、双喜如意图案,嫔为丹凤、双喜如意图案,较皇后依次低等。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">家具类。同治帝皇后、贵妃、嫔妆奁中家具亦有分别。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三、公主的妆奁</span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">入关前,公主下嫁仪式和妆奁都比较简略而质朴。天聪七年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">1633</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">),皇太极之女嫁入蒙古敖汉部,皇太极命宗室巴布海、巴尹图、巩阿岱、蒙古阿岱扎尔固齐四大臣为首,“各携其妻,往送敖汉部公主”。皇太极本人率领诸福晋、贝勒将公主送至五里外,“具盛宴宴之,宴毕还”。</span>

花舞大唐春 发表于 2008-4-15 14:50

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">婚礼中,“赐额驸格格诸物甚厚”,给公主的陪嫁为:“公主养父养母及随侍满蒙夫妇五对,女子七口,马二十五匹,驼十头,雕鞍辔十八付,团帐房三座,象车一辆,雕花床一张,伞四把,银碗碟二十个,扁背壶二个,茶桶一个,绣花捏折女朝褂、朝衣,蟒妆缎捏折女朝褂、朝衣,绵索捏折女朝褂、朝衣,镶边大缎捏折女朝褂、朝衣,共六套,袍子、衬衣、素服共十五套,蟒缎、闪缎、被褥五套,嵌有东珠二十八之金项圈二、金手镯一对,脚镯一对,嵌大东珠金耳坠二对,嵌小东珠金耳坠四对一,戒指五对,金荷包五对,素金佛二对,带板二十个.结发东珠十四个,红绿带板三十七对,大唬拍一块,海烟鱼绿松子石一块,唬拍、珊瑚、素珠十,唬拍珠十,白素珠十”。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">入关后,随着皇族婚嫁制度的逐步完善,公主下嫁仪式也开始变得隆重而复杂、《清会典事例》中记载有“公主下嫁礼”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对于公主妆奁的陪送方式和详细构成,礼部的规则中没有说明,而实际负责操办公主婚礼的部门——内务府,在此方面有较为详细的记录:顺治年间规定,“凡公主下嫁,奉旨指婚,由内务府交钦天监择吉,派大臣之夫妇偕老者一人传旨。其妆奁衣饰金珠彩币婢女仆从庄头马驼账房器皿之属,照例具奏,交该处备办”。康熙时又规定:“公主下嫁,应用朝衣、朝冠、数珠、簪环、项饰、帐褥、器皿及金银绸缎布匹等物,皆准掌仪司奏定数目备办”。至于朝冠、朝衣等的具体样式和规格,亦有详细规定:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">固伦公主朝冠,冬熏貂为之,夏青绒为之,上缀朱纬,顶镂金三层,饰东珠十,上衔红宝石,朱纬上周缀金孔雀五,饰东珠各七,小珍珠三十九,后金孔雀一,垂珠三行二就,中间金衔青金石结一,饰东珠各三,末缀珊瑚,后护领垂金黄绦二,末缀珊瑚,青缎为带。金约,镂金云九,饰东珠各一,间以青金石红片金里,后系金衔青金石结,贯珠下垂,三行三就,中间金衔青金石结二,每具饰东珠、珍珠各四,末缀珊瑚。耳饰,左右各三,每具金云衔珠各二。朝褂,色用石青.片金缘,绣文,前行龙四,后行龙三,领后垂金黄绦,杂饰惟宜。朝袍,用香色,披领及袖俱石青,冬用片金加海龙缘,夏用片金缘,肩上下袭朝褂处亦加缘,绣文,前后正龙各一,两肩行龙各一,襟行龙四,披领行龙二,袖端正龙各一,袖相接处行龙各二,据后开,领后垂金黄绦,杂饰惟宜。领约镂金为之,饰东珠七,间以珊瑚,两端垂金黄绦二,中各贯珊瑚,末缀珊瑚各二。朝珠,朝服用三盘,珊瑚一,蜜珀二,吉服用一盘,绦皆金黄色,彩悦月白色,不绣花文,结佩惟宜,绦皆金黄色。朝裙,冬片金加海龙缘,上用红缎,下石青行龙妆缎,皆整幅有辟积,夏片金缘,缎纱各惟其时。吉服冠,熏貂为之,顶用红宝石。吉服褂,用石青色绣五爪金龙四团,前后正龙,两肩行龙。蟒袍,用香色,通绣九龙。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和硕公主朝冠,冬熏貂,夏青绒,上缀朱纬,顶镂金二层,饰东珠九,上衔红宝石,朱纬上周缀金孔雀五,饰东珠各六,后金孔雀一,垂珠三行二就,中间金衔青金石结一,饰东珠各三,末缀珊瑚,冠后护领垂金黄绦二,末亦缀珊瑚,青缎为带。金约,镂金云八,饰东珠各一。余制与固伦公主同。</span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">至公主护卫员数,会典内虽未定有等级,但查和敬固伦公主下嫁时,照例陪往人丁十二户,内放一等护卫二人,二等护卫四人,三等护卫四人,五品典仪一人,六品典仪一人。和嘉和硕公主下嫁时,照例陪往人丁十户,内放二等护卫四人,三等护卫四人,六品典仪一人,七品典仪一人,均系虚衔顶翎,仍食原饷。嗣后固伦公主即照和敬公主之例,和硕公主即照和嘉公主之例办理。此项护卫等官,先尽陪送人丁内拣补,倘一时不得其人,准其在于该府家人内拣补,报明内务府注册。其办理家务长史一缺,向于内务府废员内拣选尚堪任事之人,奏请放为副内管领,作为长史,给食六品单俸。固伦公主长史,给予三品虚衔,戴孔雀翎。和硕公主长史,给予四品虚衔,戴孔雀翎之处,应请仍照旧例办理。奉旨,固伦公主分内,著定为三品翎顶长史一员,头等护卫一员,二等护卫二员,三等护卫二员,六品典仪二员。和硕公主分内,著定为四品翎顶长史一员,二等护卫二员,三等护卫一员,六七品典仪各一员,不必拘定陪嫁人户,听从公主随便拣放。</span>

花舞大唐春 发表于 2008-4-15 14:51

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">可见,公主嫁妆的特点是,具有显示皇族成员特征的朝衣、朝冠,丰富的衣物首饰、日用物品,以及庄头仆从,这是其他人家的女儿所无法比拟的。会典中只明确了朝冠、朝衣的式样和陪嫁人户的构成等,但并没有对公主的其他嫁妆做出具体的规定,下面以乾隆帝幼女和孝公主为例进行论述,以便对清代公主的嫁妆有一个较为深入的了解。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">七类妆奁以外,乾隆帝另赏头等女子四名,二等女子四名,三等女子四名,户口男女各十一人,户口管领夫妇二人,以及赏给额驸的庄头租银、当铺、官房租等。公主于归时,乾隆帝又“特赐帑银三十万”。此外,“自过婚翌日,辇送器玩于主第者,概论其直,殆过数百万金。大官之手奉如意珠贝,拜辞于皇女轿前者,无虑屡千百。虽以首阁老阿桂之年老位尊,亦复不免云”。可见和孝公主婚礼之盛、收获之丰。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四、福晋的妆奁</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">清代,宗室子女的婚姻皆由皇帝或太后做主,即“指婚”,是将八旗秀女或蒙古王公之女指配与皇子及王公之子,将皇女或宗室王公之女指配与八旗及蒙古王公子弟的制度。这种缔结婚姻的方式,是将宗室贵族的婚配权牢牢掌控在统治者手中。在这种婚姻中,福晋与公主的妆奁一方面要体现出王公贵族的气派,另一方面又受到各种规定的限制。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">皇子与福晋的婚礼始于“指婚礼”。皇帝或太后为皇子选定某氏女为福晋之后,“襄事大臣偕福晋父蟒袍补服诣乾清门东阶下,福晋父北面跪,襄事大臣西面曰:有旨,今以某氏女作配与皇子某为福晋。福晋父承旨讫,行三跪九叩礼。兴退”。“指婚礼”完成后,福晋家即开始筹备妆奁。直至成婚前一日,“福晋家以奁送皇子宫铺陈”。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与皇室缔结婚姻,无疑是家族荣耀之事,加之清代社会奢靡之风盛行,婚礼操办日趋豪奢,满洲贵族在陪送女儿妆奁时往往“图体面而尽力求丰”,逾格操办。福晋妆奁的丰盛程度虽然不可与皇帝大婚中后妃的妆奁相媲美,但是已经引起朝廷的关注,道光二年(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1822</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),朝廷下令禁止福晋父家陪送奢华的妆奁:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">嗣后皇子皇孙,一经指婚,其福晋父家置备妆奁,不得以奢华相尚,一概务从简约,复我满洲淳朴旧俗。将来进呈妆奁清单,如有靡丽浮费之物,经朕看出,不惟将原物发还,并加议处。此旨着交内务府大臣存记,俟经指婚之后。即将此旨交福晋之父家阅看,敬谨遵循,不得逾制。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这项禁令一方面反映出当时福晋妆奁之奢华程度,另一方面也可看出皇帝对于皇族婚娶及其造成影响的重视。按照这道旨令,福晋家在筹备妆奁之后,要将妆奁清单呈给皇帝检视,这其实更增加了筹备的难度,要做到既不失仪节体面,又不至奢华浮费,很难把握好这个度。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">按照满族的习俗,结婚时,“一切陈设桌椅板凳直到炕席毡条”都由女家备办。福晋尽管嫁人王府、皇宫,婚后生活无忧,但是按照习俗仍然应当陪送相当的嫁妆以供婚后使用。如乾隆帝为皇子时,娶富察氏为福晋,成婚后居住西五所。及乾隆继位登极,西五所成为“潜龙邸”,改名“重华宫”,“特为崇奉”。重华宫内“陈设大柜一对”,就是富察氏成婚时带来的妆奁。据乾隆帝回忆,柜中存放有各类物品:“其东首顶柜,朕尊藏皇祖所赐物件。西首顶柜之东,尊藏皇考所赐物件。其西尊藏圣母皇太后所赐物件。两顶柜下所贮,皆朕潜邸常用服物。”乾隆对此柜含有深厚的感情,令“后世子孙随时检视,手泽口泽存焉,用以笃慕永思,常怀继述”。可见,福晋嫁妆的确在婚后生活中起到重要作用,这使得其母家很难在陪送奁物时做到真正的“节俭”。实际上,满洲贵族陪嫁之奢在清代已经成为不争的事实。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></span></p>

hj楚楚 发表于 2008-4-16 18:34

<p>我怎么没有生在以前的皇家呀!</p>

老范 发表于 2008-4-16 20:11

可惜古早沒有摄相設備,就像明代嚴嵩抄家後的《天水冰山錄》,书里很多首飾的名称都看不懂,不知真正的內容意思!

国泰民安 发表于 2014-4-11 19:54

欸,图呢?
页: [1]
查看完整版本: 清代满洲贵族的嫁妆